viii

Preface

with recourse to specific IIoT application areas like social networking, decentral-

ized autonomous organizations, energy, smart grid, logistics, transportation, supply

chain, monetization, e-business, notarization, e-government, healthcare, commerce,

insurance, finance, banking, education, learning, crowdsourcing, and crowd sensing.

This volume comprises 12 well versed chapters on the fundamentals of the

blockchain technology with reference to Internet of Things encompassing different

application domains.

Industry 5.0 is a new dawn in massive automated production based on the active

collaboration between the creative potential of people and accurate apparatuses.

Internet of Things (IoT) can make environments smarter, increasingly connected,

more profitable and efficient by connecting many distributed and ubiquitously avail-

able intelligent devices and sensors through multi-level communication infrastruc-

tures. While this should ideally map to a decentralized hardware and software plat-

form, current solutions are mostly based on centralized infrastructures, with many

disadvantages, e.g., high maintenance costs, low interoperability, single point of

failure, etc. An additional challenge in supporting decentralization is achieving

distributed consensus among autonomous IoT objects. In this view, blockchain repre-

sents a promising solution for enabling a decentralized IoT framework. However, due

to the heterogeneity, IoT requires addressing several additional challenges, including

ensuring scalability, interoperability, security, privacy, and efficiency. Chapter

“BCoT: Introduction to Blockchain-Based Internet of Things for Industry 5.0” intro-

duces the integration of blockchain technology with the Internet of Things to connect

everything globally.

Majority of interaction in an IoT (Internet of Things) ecosystem occurs via

machine-to-machine interactions. As a result, establishing confidence among the

participating equipment is a significant challenge, particularly given the fact that IoT

technology has not been adequately addressed. The blockchain enables autonomous

smart devices and completely removes the need for intermediary parties. However,

since blockchain enables increased scalability, security, dependability, and privacy,

it can function as a catalyst in this area. This may be accomplished by utilizing

blockchain technology to monitor and utilize billions of devices connected to

IoT ecosystems in order to facilitate and/or coordinate transaction processing. By

eliminating a single point of failure, the implementation of blockchain in the IoT

ecosystem will also improve reliability. The cryptographic algorithms are used to

encrypt the block data, and the hashing techniques can provide additional security.

Chapters “Blockchain-Based Internet of Things: Challenges and Opportunities”

and “Challenges and Issues in Blockchain-Based IoT Services” put forward several

perspectives of the challenges and problems encountered in Blockchain (BC)-based

Internet of Things (IoT) applications, while considering IoT as a unique solution.

Cyber-Physical System (CPS) enables to combine the physical objects with

computing and storage capabilities to have data exchange in an interconnected

network of systems and objects. Blockchain is a recently distributed computing

paradigm which provides a promising solution for modern CPS application. It forms

an underpinning technique for CPS that offers strong added value to Industrial IoT

(IIoT), fault-tolerant, reliable, secure, and efficient computing infrastructure. The